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Thursday, September 4, 2008
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CHAPTER 9:THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTERTemperature and Internal EnergySI unit for energy is joule(J)Internal energy is made up of two components, namely kinetic energy and potential energy.Kinetic component of internal energy is due to the vibration of particles.the higher the temperature, the more vigorous it vibrates.Potential component of internal energy is due to the stretchign and compressing of the intermolecular bonds as the particles vibrate.the amount of PE stored in the bonds depends on the force and the distance between the particles
Melting and SolidificationMelting is a process where solids changes to a liquid state when heated.[e.g. ice melts and change state to become water]Melting point is known as the particular temperature for a PURE substance to melt.Solidification is a process where liquids changes state when frozen.[e.g.water freezes and change state to become ice]Boiling and CondensationBoiling is a change of state from a pure liquid to vapour when heated at a fixed or constant temperature.Condensation is the change of state from vapour to liquid when cooled at the same constant temperature as in boiling.In the process, thermal energy is given out.EvaporationEvaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas.Evaporation can occur at any temperature.The process of evaporation is much slower than boiling.It also causes cooling.Evaporation is an endothermic process because molecules must be supplied with energy to overcome the intermolecular forces.Appications of evaporation-cooling effect when apply perfume/ when perspiration evaporates-Wet clothes do not take very long to dry-Sponging a patient with high fever will keep the person's temperature down as water evaporates-Refrigerator uses condensation and evaporation to keep the food coldFactors affecting the rate of evaporation
-Temperature
-Humidity of the surrounding air
-Surface area of the liquid
-Movement of air
-Pressure
-Boiling point of the liquid
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